By Adrian Wolfberg.

How can solving today’s most complex challenges reckon with four fundamentally different ways of knowing? How can the collision of their distinct epistemic strengths and blind spots be harnessed for innovation in threat assessment and decision-making on complex problems?
Let me unpack these four ways of knowing and how they shape, support, and sometimes undermine each other. Here, I use the example of climate security intelligence, but the insights and lessons are likely to apply to a wider range of complex societal and environmental issues. The four ways of knowing are:
- Scientific knowledge from the physical sciences
- Scientific knowledge from the social sciences
- Judgment under uncertainty by knowledge-producing professionals
- Practical decision-making by practitioners who are senior executives.